Electrical conductor.



4 H. K. MoINTYRE.

` ELECTRICAL GONDUOTOB. MPL10-umn FILED 11.21, 190e. v Patented NOV. 14; 1911.

' s snnn'rs-snmz'r 1,

2f-7 fra/was...

H. K. MpINTYRB. y ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR. APPLICATION FILED IIAB.27, 1906' 1,008,423. 'Patented Nov. 14,191l.

a SHEETS-SHEET a.

w x 5 l j; *ic

af a I x .j I 1 er I WMM/wif NVENTR H. K. MOINTYRB. ELECTRICAL GON'DUCTOR y APIVLIOATION FILED MAR.27, 1906. u

Patented Nov. l14, 1911.`

a sums-SHEET al H. K. MGINTYRE. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR'. PPLIOATION FILED 11111.27, 1901s.V

Patented Nov; 14,1911;

8 SHEETS-SHEET 8.

Patented 110111411911.4

8 SHEETS-SHEET 7.

Tomvlry.

H. 1101111111111 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOB).` v AHLIGATION 1711.111) 11111.27, 190e.. 1,008,423 1 y Patented Nov. 4111, 1911. 1

asn SHEET a.

l installations, although UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

HENBY-K. McINTYRE, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR.

Specioation of Letters Patent.

Patented Nov'. 14, 1911.

Application Med March 27, 1908. Serial No. 308,285

To all whom 'it mayconcem: Y

Be it known that I,"HENRY K. MGINTYRE, of New York, N. Y., have invented certain Improvements in Electrical Conductors,

. 'invention is to provide a polycircuit cable phantom A another than if they were "ner that `inductive disturbances, Vknown in `telephonie parlance as ,analogous avoided.

narily employed to secure equal ,tervailing exposure of each to inductiveinnuances, but by increasing the -of the conductors static capacity,

in which the'conductors forming a pair or circuit are not twisted in the usual' manner, (except in cases where one or more conductors `of a twisted pair may circuit or circuits) but are laid up in Vsuch ductors are at `a greater distance from one so twisted, there by improving transmission, as will be here- 'inafter -fully explained; at the same time I transpose the conductors in such a manundesirable disturbances, -are The twist of mate conductors is ordiand counseparation forming pairs, VI reduce the electro-static capacity and increase the inductance of the mate conductors, relatively to each other. and, within certain limits, increase of ,mu-

tual induction, are beneficial, to transmisarea is also a factor' in this' unfavorable influence is lessened by anything which enables the use of cnductors of smaller size. By increas sion. As peripheral ing the separation pf mate conductors therefore, I improve the especially being'laid down in place of open wire pole transmission without inf creasing the size ofcondu'ctors employed; or,I obtain the same efficiency in transmission with a smaller conductor, and thereby effect very considerable economy in copper, in the long distance'cables nowA lines. 'As previously mentioned, the crosstalk which would result from the concluetors not being twisted, is prevented by the of. which the following description, in con-r nection with the accompanying drawings,4

form part of a a manner that the mate con`4 cross-talk: and" Decrease in capacity uptex ranspositions, examples of which are subsequently described.

The principle of my invention may be applied to so-c'alled phantom or ducircuits', by simply regarding the single mate conductors of a cable (onstructe'd in accordance with my invention,

shown in the drawings, and hereinafter described, as each comprising a twisted pair of conductors, instead of a single conductor, and forming the mate pairs or oppc site sides of phantom circuits.

In the fore oing discussion I have dei scribed the un erlying principles of my invention.- In applying these principles :.t is

obviously desirable that the labor of making the transpositions should be as smalfA as possible. This condition canv be greatly aided by laying up the conductors of the cable in helical layers. Neighboring layers should preferably be given 1a different length of lay, While layers which are adjacent should preferably be laid up ir. reverse directions.

i In thisway inductive disturbances between pairs in different layers is avoided. Inductive disturbances between A themz I have adop .are referredv to in this speciication,

airs in the same layer may be prevented y transposing the pairs in the'same layer at intervals, as will be fully; described in connection with the accompanying drawings; Since the method of layingup the conductors helically in layers presents the least ditiiculty in practically transposing positcrrmcertain of the drawings which alth ou gh ,I do notlimit m self to the helical lay-` The various eatures of -my invention will be illustrated and described fully in the accompanying drawings and specific ation and pointed out in the claims.

In the drawings, Figure 1 illustrates; diagrammatically a layer containing three pairs of conducto-rs, in which the mat\.conductors are separated by two other conductors; Fig. 2 is a similar diagram illustrating the principles ap lied to a layer conta ining three pairs, in W ich the conductors are so arranged that fewer transpositions are required, than would be required bythe system of Fig. l; 3 illustrates thprinciple applied to a layer pairs, in which the mate-conductors are ad- ]acent'; Fig. 4 re resents a layer containing sixteen pairs, an is analogous toliglf `exted this method of trans#- containing three cept' that the mate-conductors, =instead of i,

being separated by t-wo other conduct-ors, are separated by three other conductors; Fig. 5 represents a layer containing sixteen pairs, and is analogous to Fig. 3, 1n which the mate-conductors are adjacent; Fig. 6 shows a layer containing sixteen pairs in which all of the mate-conductors are diametrically opposite. Fig. 7 shows a layer comprising six pairs twisted in the usual manner, the pairs being so arranged that three phantom circuits are obtained; Fig. 8 shows a layer containing twelve conduc# tors, from which are obtained six single pairs and three phantom pairs. Fig. 9 shows in perspective part. of a cable constructed in accordance with lny invention7 and comprising a core wire and two layers -of conductors, paired to form 9 metallic circuits, transposed to eliminate cross-talk from the cable. Fig. l0 illustrates in perspective a cable, constructed in accordance with my invention, comprising two-helical layers, of six and twelve, twisted pairs of conductors respectively, paired to form 18 metallic circuits, f) phantom circuits and 3 second derived phantom 'circuits,.the pairs being transposed in accordance with my invention following the diagramsein Figs.

L). and la. to eliminate cross-talk lfrom the cable. In the upper portion of Figs. 1 to 8 inclusive are shown diagrammatic cross` sections of the table between each transposition, while the lower portion in eachl ligure shows the transpositions in development',=or the relative position of conductors respectively before and ,after ea-ch transp@ sition. In each of the diagrams, the mate conductors, or mate pairs, `in the case of phantom circuits, are designated by the.

same number, for example the mate conducto-rs of pair l, Fig. l, are l and 1f; similarly the inate pairs of phantom circuit I are I and I.

'11i' the preferred embodiments of my invent-ion selected for illustration and description herein, the lengths a., c, &c, are indicated as efpi'al or as'nearly so as possible, andeach of the conductors, 1,1', 2, 2', is

shown Alaid up at equal distances, but while' in most cases it. will be found most convenient and practicable to follow this practice I do not limit myself thereto.A

In the 'drawings I have endeavored to give conductors whieh'are closest 'to one another the most frequent transpositions. 'It l' is probable that in practice the more neighboring pairs'may be advantageously transposed more frequently and the more distant pairs less frequenti other than 'I yhave indicated.

In each 'ofthe diagrams I have shown acomplete or partially complete transposition system for the' layer under consideration. The method of applying rthe transposition may be any (if those subsequently 4dev relatively' to', o ii'eI ari-4 scribed under a, b or c, that is, the transposition system shown in each diagram may extend over a fraction oi a cable section, a whole or several cable sections.

lt is understood that throughout the drawings the ends of mates are joined in any suitable fashion, to form a metallic eircuit for each pair of mates, including telephonie or any other desired and suitable apparatus, as in Fig. 9, this applyingl alsov to the phantom circuits.

In accordance with my inventlon, with reference to Figs.l l-G, and 9 and 10 the mate-conductors l and l', and i2',- 3 and 25', arelaid up singly in layers, the lay of adjacentA layers being preferably helical in are interchanged at the quarter points B and B', and the mate-conductors of pair-2 are interchanged at the middle point` M only. The conductors of pair l are not interchanged. make it clear that if the. conductors in the cable are carefully and symmetrically laid up there will be vno cross-talk between pairs l, 2 and 3, because they have unequal electrical exposure to one anot-herpnor will there be any cross-talk between pairs in different layers similarly transposed, oiving to the helical lay, and their resultant equal exposure toone another. In Fig. 2 the mateconduetors of pair l are at any section, at the extremities of the diameter of a circle and the mate-conductors of pairs '12 and 3 are at the extremities of chords4 of the same circle,

perpendicular -to the dianielew.- The exposure of either conductors 4of pair l to both 'conductors of pair 2, andto both-conductors of pair 3 is the same. There will therefore i be no cross-talk or other inductive disturbances between pairl and pairs or 3; pair 3 is transposed at the lmiddle point M-to prevent cross-talk with -pair 2. It is seen that by selecting mate-conductors in this way there is a saving in the number ol" transpositi-ons` and transposition points, and at the An examination of Fig. l Will conductors The mate coi'iductors of pair 3 y sani'efttime the pairs are al-l balanced with ie- In Fig. 3 the-matespect to one another.

oi herwise that ofiFig. c1', and the saine explanation ap- PleS-- For the purpose of showingfho'w transp@ theY "schemeof tranpositon is exactly similar to sitions in a layer containing a considerable number 03|? conductors may be made without introducing an impracticable number of transpositions, I have shown three examples A (Figs. 4, 5 and 6), of howconductorsin a layer containing sixteen pairs may be transposed. In each of these iigures the transpo sition illustrated between A and vM is one'- half a com lete actual transposition, the remainder o the transposition being symmetrical with the part A-M. The relative position of the `mateconduct`ors of Fig.` 4 is analogous to the position of thefmate-conv ductors in}.4`ig. 1, except that the mate-cond uctnrs areseparated by three other cond'ctors instead of two;` An examination 'of Fig. t will show that all the conductors there shownare transposed with respect to` u one another.. Fig. 5, in which the mate conductors are adjacent, is analogous'to Fig. 3. The system of transposition is the same `as that used in Fig. 4. I have shown no exv`act parallel of Fig. 2for a layercontaining sixteen pairs. If mate `conductors 'are chosen at the extremities of chords perpendicular to a common diameter, mate-conductorsat the extremities ofv the. dlameter yao site toy one another.

need not be transposed `with respect to con-- ductors loca-ted at the extremities of the U ties of-diagonals of the same square need not 4be transposed with respect to `one another since they are'already balanced! Such pairs may therefore be transposed at the same points,which reduces the transpositions and transposition points to about a half the number shown in the system of Figs 4 and vA `further examination of Fig. 6 will show that if the cable is carefully and symmetrically laid up there will be no crosstalk between any of the pairs of Fig. 6.

In Fig. 7 I have shown diagrammatically a layer containing six pairs twisted togetherv in the usual manner similarly to that illustrated in Fig. .10, preferably laid up helically to prevent cross-talk or other inductive disturbances between phantom pairs in diii'erent layers similarly transposed. The

- pairs'are so arranged that three L phantom circuits are obtained from them, which `are transposed to meet the requirements already explained for preventing Ainductive disturbances 'between circuits intended for.

Single pair 1, Fig. 7, is composed of two` conductors a and b,"

this class of service.

twisted together. Single pair lis Acomposed similarly .of twofother twisted conductors,a and b. The4 remainingphantom pairs 2 2 composed oi two twisted conductors a and L. It isvseen that the hantom pairs -1, 2 and 3 are transposed wi respect toone another, While the twist of the or' inal pairs prevents inductive disturbances oth between the -original pairs and between the original and derived pairs. Furthermore the mutual capacity of the derived pairs l, 2 and 3 willbe materially less and the induction will bema-.,vv

terially greater than if the two pairs forming the phantom pair were twisted together. The transmission is :therefore improved in the same way as is the case when each side of the circuit is a single conductor.

`Byr considering `each of the conductors 1--1, 2-2, etc.,`of Figs. 1 to inclusive, `as formed of two 'conductors twisted together,

4the second derivedphantoms of-Fig. 8'1"' In Fig. 8 my method of separating mate-conductors is applied to 'both phantom and co mponentpairs, with the resulting benefit` in transmission `to each already pointed out.

3 3', etc., are similarlyeach u as a 'and b in Fig.' 7, to lform a pan-,whe

A layer is shown, containing twelve cond'ic- 1 i tors, preferably laid up helically according to the mode of construction illustrated` in Fig. 10, to prevent cross-talk-orother" 'mductive disturbances betweenall the circuits, phantom and single. rllhe phantom pair I-I is made up of th'two single pairs 1-1- and 4,-42 and the phantom 'pairs II-II and IIIIII are similarly made up of the single pairs 2-2 and 5-5, and 3-3 and 6--6 respectively. vIn this] diagram one-hala complete-transposition svstem is shown, from the point A to the point M, the other half being symmetrical thereto. Phantom pair'Is-I is transposed atv the 'quarter points E and E', and at the middle point M; phantom pair II-II" is transposedv at 4 the middle oint M only; `'a nd phantom pair III-III is transposedilgat ".he quarter points E andEl` orflyyy lInfadditgon to the phantom circuits being transposed at the points E, M and E', the componentjpa irs `are also transposed 4at these points, each with respect to its phantom mate. Fili-tl 1er transpositions'for the purpose of preventing cross-talk or other inductive disturbances between t-he single circuits themselves/'ahd between ther single and phantom'v circuits ire shown at the 'points B; C, D, F, G; H, H', etc. v"Six single pairs and three phantom pairs therefore result, which are completely transposed and at the same time the 'benefits of improvedtransmission are obtained over theoriginal single circuits as well nsfover the derived phantom "circuits, l

f. f In Fig. 9 I have shown in perspective a portion of Va section of cable as it'may `loecon- .structed in accordance with 'my invention, the conductors being transposed jwiihinnthev section. The conductors ma be built up, asv

shown, in two layers, forme' in the instance illustrated of six and twelve conductors respectively, around a single core wire 1', insulation of paper or the like s being provided :fory the several conductors individually, while an outer sheath S of suitable insulating material such as gutta-percha or the like may be furnished, and supplemented by an intervening protective layer s of paper, felt or cotton to prevent the wires from rubbing against the sheath at the transpositions. The sheath is omitted from the drawing except. at the middle, to show the method of transposing the conductors. kThe sin le core wire r'has no mate, but can be use for a grounded telephone, telegraph or other circuit vwithout inducing disturbances in the .pairs in the next layer, if they are properly transposed. Its place may be taken, if del sited, by anysuitable core or filling. The

next layer, shown as having six conductors 1", r, r, r", r, and r the same size as the middle one, will exactly fit around it, andat the point t near the extreme right ofthe sheet) the pair of mated conductorso"` and fr* are. shown as transposed, their position being thereby reversed with respect to the intermediate conductor r", and all the other conductors. In the outermost la er, containing twelve conductors rf-rs inc usive, (rw, Ir11 andlr `not being shown), three transpositions, t',t2 and t are in view, and there is a fourth transposition t, diametrically op )osite, and similar to t2, but not in view, so that no two adjacent conductors continue without transposition, but every fourth conductor, r, lr, r, r" (not shown) continues unaltered. in osition. It will thus be clear that the pair of conductors mated to formthe circuit P, but segregated and untwisted, will by'its transposition at t' be freed from cross-talk and like inductive disturbances, with other pairs, as for example the pair P', formed of the conductorsI 9' and 7', whose position continues undisturbed, and this will hold good throughout the cable, all of -the space being utilized.

Fig. .10 is a view in perspective of a. cable made upin accordance with the above described principles of my invention. The core may consist, as shown, of a single twisted paira, b, used in the illustration simply as a coreabout which the layers are laid u). The reference letters T, indicate telep one or .similar instrunients.

ayer contains six twisted pairs, transposed in accordance with the diagram illustrating the transposition of single conductors shown in Fig. 2, the transpostionbeii'ig applied to the pairs as units. In the following description, the twisted mate wires are in each instance designated by the letters a and b,

-while the preceding numeral indicates that one ofthe conductors shown in Fig. 2 to which the Vtwisted pair corres onds; thus, l and l" constitute one pair o a phantom; la and 1'", constitutin nent pair of the same similarly with 2 and 2b, 2"L and 2', &c. By means of the twist and the transposition, six ordinary twisted pair circuits, and three phantom circuits are derived from the twelve conductors. Phantom coils p, p, and instruments T, T, are shown 'connected to the twisted pairs respectively as illustrated in the case of' two of the pairs, viz., 3, 3b, and 3', 'b, and it will be understood that the phantom pair 3-3 derived therefrom will be free from cross-talk with the other two phantom pairs (not shown), derived respectively froni the pairs 1,.1", 1"1", and from the pairs 2, 2b, 2", 2b, as well as free from cross-talk with the twisted pairs, and that the several phantom pairs in addition will have a lower capacity than if the component -mate pairs were twisted. Thevsecond layer contains 24 conductors, arranged to form twelve twisted pairs, lettered l, 1b, and 1', 1"', zc. u to 6" and 6b inclusive, the twisted pairs ing transposed as units at ythe middle region of that portion of the second layer which is illustrated and in accordance with the diagram showing the transposition of twelve single conductors of Fig. 8. From the 24 conductors are derived twelve ordinary twisted pairs; six first derived phantom pairs, of which those numbered I vand 1', are shown connected to telephone instruments T; also three second derived phantom pairs, derived from the six first derived phantom pairs, and of which that numbered I-I' 1s shown connected. The transposition shown is the middle one of Fig. 8, and with the transposition of Fig. 8 carried throughout the cable, all of the twenty-one circuits will be free from crosstalk with one another, and at the same time the phantom pairs will have the 'benefit of reduced capacity, obtained by separation, over what the capacity would be, were the two sides of each circuit twisted together.

In considering the ,embodimentl of my in- "vention selected for illustration and description as a convenient forni to enable ready and complete understanding of my improvements, summarizing the above discussion',`

it is lo be yborne in mind that by my. irnprored method/oi construction, the static lcapacity of mate wires in a p0ly-circuit The first i cable is reduced, aiid their mutual induction increased. as compared with an ordinarily twisted pair of conductors of the same gage; and each pair presents substantially7 net. equal exposure with respect to external as well as neighboring circuits, thus obviating cross-talk and noise to the extent required b v modern practice.

Vith the conductors laid up according to my invention as alreadv described (see for' 0 the other compo-v phantom circuit; and

\ for the purpose of taking care'of inductiveV y tions there applied during the manufacturef (topi-es of this patent maybe obtained for the non-completion of certain helical transpositions being small in comparison with the entire length of the cable, andthe elimination of inductive disturbances `between airs in ditferent layers being further'aided yf the transpositions, which are' primarily disturbances between pairs in the same layer. Having described the general principle of transposing pairs in the samelayer, it may be applied in any of the several ways described below.

a. Each of theV lengths in the drawings `may represent i-complete' cable section, or

several cable sections if desired. The transositions would then be made at the splices.

t would of course, be desirable that the conductor wrappings should be differently colored or otherwise marked' in order that the splicer might be able to follow the trans-` position diagram which would be furnished range that all o f the lengths a, b, c, &c., should be the same or of the proper length'.I In the long lrun however, the average'of these lengths would be approximately .the same or of the proper length, which is substantially the case with pole line transpositions.`

b Each section of cable during its manufacture maybe divided into equal transposition lengths a, b, c, etc.,and thetransposi of thercable. If. desired the transposition may be repeated a number of times in each section. If repeated at frequent intervals, the transposition would take the form of a braid, which might be a desirable result.

c. A portion of the transpositions may be made within the cable section, while the remainder maybe made at the splices.

What I claim anddesire to secure by Letters Patent is 1.' In a polycircuit cable for telephone" and like systems, a plurality of conductorsrv laid in closely adjacent relation and mated to" form three or more metallic circuits; said mate conductors being laid up in untwisted im. It would be of course difficult to arv relation, and certain. of Said conductors being segregated to reduce static capacity and to yincrease induction between said mates,`l and transposed to avoid cross `talk and like inductive disturbances throu fiout said circuits, substantially as describe 2. In a polycircuit cable for telephoneland like systems, a large number of vconductors mated Vto form three or more metallic circuits, certain conductors in' said circuits being-transposed relatively to conductors in other circuits, to avoid cross-talk and like inductive disturbances between saidcircuits and 'between pairs in each circuit throughout said cable, and .the individual mated conductors separated from eachother by a distancegreater than that between any of I said mate conductorsv and the nearest conductor not its'mate; substantially as de scribed. y

3. A polycircuit cable for telephone and like systems, comprising a large number of conductors closely arranged in a ,plurality of series throughout said cable, 'and m ited to form three or more metallic circuits, a

' .conductor in each of said series being transposed relatively to the conductors in` the other series, to avoidgcrosstalk and like inductive disturbances between said` series and between pairs in each series throughout' said 4closely arranged throughout `saidcable, and

cable, and the individual mated conductors y separated from each other' by a distance greater than that between one or any of said mate conductors and the nearest conductor not its mate; substantially as described.

4. In a polycircuit cable for telephone and j like systems, a plurality of conductors laid in closely adjacent relation Vand mated to form three orV more circuits, .mated conductors throughout said cable being separated from each. other'byai distance greater than that between one vor any of said mate conductorsand a conductor not its mate, and

certain of said `conductors being transposed to locate each ofthree or -more pairs or, ,an

average midway between another air, to avoid `crosstalk and like inductive isturbances throughout said circuits, substantially as describe Signed" at New `York city in the county of `New York and State of New York this 520th day of MarchA. D. 1906. f

HENRY K. MoINTYRlD.

Witnesses:

Roar. J. CoRooRAN, Francis L.' Parmis, J r.

ve cents each, by addressing the Commissioner ofiPatints, Washington, D. C.' 

